7mbar at 20°C: Aldrich-P20009; Phenylboronic acid 0. Articles of Boric acid-(10-B) are included as well. 42): Boiling Pt (deg C): 616. : 10043-35-3 1. : 206658-89-1; Synonyms: 3-Aminobenzeneboronic acid; Linear Formula: H2NC6H4B(OH)2 · H2O • Melting point: 169 +/-1 °C • Bulk density: Powder: 37. 93: 98-80-6: 216–219 2-Thienylboronic acid Melting and Boiling Point: Boria has a high melting point of about 450°C (842°F), and a boiling point of 1500°C (2732°F). It is a white crystalline solid. An 붕산(硼酸, Boric acid)은 붕소를 중심원자로 하는 산소산이며, 화학식은 H 3 BO 3 이다. Exposed to the atmosphere it slowly absorbs water, reverting to boric acid. Feb 12, 2022 · They can be used more or less interchangeably in my experience. The conjugate base compound of boric acid is the borate anion. Boron nitride uses are vast because of its unique properties, such as good thermal shock resistance, non-toxicity, high thermal conductivity, chemical inertness, etc. Cubic form. Its boiling point is 158 degrees C and its melting point is 300 degrees C. 2055000-33-2. Boric acid is made of oxygen, boron and hydrogen atoms (H 3 BO 3). Apr 7, 2009 · Boric acid Revision Date 25-Dec-2021 9. 83 Melting Point (heated in closed space) Solubility in Water as H 3BO3 (Boric Acid) pH in Water @ 20ºC BORIC ACID Sigma Prod. Boric Acid contains a C 3 rotation axis and σ h symmetry. Melting Point. e. 9°C (339. Soly of boric acid in glycerol solns of various concns: Sciarra, Elliott, J. The boron is located at the center and is bonded to three hydroxide groups. 435 at 15°C. Product name : Boric acid Product Number : B7901 Brand : Sigma Index-No. The melting point of Boric acid is 170. Production. ] Exposure Routes inhalation, ingestion It can also be noted that boric acid is sparingly soluble in pyridine whereas slightly soluble in acetone. The refined chemical that arises from the processing of borax is boric acid (H3BO3). The application of these compounds in synthetic chemistry is due to their versatile reactivity, stability, and low toxicity [5,6,7] and also because when considering drug design boronic acid is further degraded to boric acid, a “green compound”, being the Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is Apr 15, 2019 · This study presents a detailed characterization and effect of water on low-melting mixtures consisting of choline chloride and boric acid. net) super sacks. Articles of Orthoboric acid are included as well. It forms odorless, white crystals with a pearly lustre and faintly bitter taste. 1 mmHg at the melting point of GaAs. Its molecular geometry is the trigonal planar. : 98-80-6; Synonyms: Benzeneboronic acid; Dihydroxyphenylborane; NSC 66487; Phenyl-boric acid; Phenylboric acid Melting point: 450 °C (842 °F; 723 K) (trigonal) 510 °C (tetrahedral) Boric acid goes to anhydrous microcrystalline B 2 O 3 in a heated fluidized bed. It is slightly corrosive at room temperature. K. Boric oxide is used where B No melting point for boric acid can be defined in the range 25 - 1000 °C due to the decomposition of the substance. Boric acid esters usually have an odor similar to the hydroxy compound from which they are derived. 98; CAS No. Boric acid is commonly used in biochemistry in buffer solutions. Due to its low melting point and high boiling point, gallium is used as a liquid in thermometers that have a temperature range of almost 2200°C. , it accepts OH −. 3380°F. 1 lb. Free samples program. 04 (Mean or Weighted MP) VP(mm Hg,25 deg C): 7. The boiling point of Boric acid is 300℃. Its reaction with hydrochloric acid to form boric acid is: Na 2 B 4 O 7 ·10H 2 O + 2 HCl → 4 H 3 BO 3 + 2 NaCl + 5 H 2 O. Water [Note: Reacts slowly with water to form boric acid. Reacts exothermically with strong bases. Boric acid Powdered Technical is available in 25 kg net (55. It has a melting point of about 171°C but also may decompose upon heating. These materials have refractory properties and corrosion resistance. Δ sub H (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Method Reference Comment; 174. Boric Acid Technical Grade: Granular, Powder, Extra Fine Powder These have melting points respectively of 176°C (348. 6°C), however, makes it easy to separate from aluminum. Boric Acid. net) multiwall paper bags, 1MT (2, 205 lb. General Information Boric acid reacts as a weak acid which may cause corrosion of base metals. At last,Boric acid(11113-50-1) safety, risk, hazard and MSDS, CAS Jun 30, 2023 · When mixed with water, the weakly acidic and electron deficient boric acid accepts an OH- ion from water and forms the complex ion [B(OH) 4]-. It is a weak monobasic acid and is considered a Lewis acid. Orthoboric acid, boracic acid H. g. It is a colourless or white crystalline solid at room temperature. It is soluble in water but at a much slower rate than boric acid. One gram dissolves in 18 ml cold, 4 ml boiling water, in 18 ml cold, 6 ml boiling alcohol, in 4 ml glycerol; soly in water is increased by HCl, citric or tartaric acids. Metaboric acid is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water. Sep 7, 2016 · The first ratio to produce a visually transparent liquid was three parts of boric acid and five parts of choline chloride, even if the lowest melting point was received when two parts of boric Jun 1, 2020 · Borated wood flour was prepared after the complexation or esterification of poplar by boric acid under air atmosphere conditions (Scheme 1). Boric oxide, the pure form of B 2 O 3, is a hard glassy material, granular in texture. MSDS Name: Boric acid Catalog Numbers: AC180570000, AC180570010, AC180570025, AC217080000, Freezing/Melting Point:169 deg C Decomposition Temperature:100 deg C Jul 22, 2023 · Metaboric acid is a chemical compound that belongs to the borate family. Typical Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of wood was observed while a large number of FTIR characteristic bands of tricoordinated and tetrahedra boron were visible in the borated wood flour spectra, as shown in Fig. Heating boric acid to temperatures near or above its melting point results in structural defects that exhibit a phosphorescence when exposed to UV and visible light. 9℃. 83 g/mol. Nature. Its density is 1. Borate salts produce basic solutions that are used in cleaning agents. It is sometimes noted that boric acid can produce a somewhat seedy batch due to the gradual release of water from boric acid during melting. Predicted data is generated using the US Environmental Protection Agency s EPISuite™. On heating boric acid gives metaboric acid. 435 g/mL, a melting point of 170. Hence it belongs in the C 3h point group. 6°F) and a boiling point of about 300°C (572°F). (4-Fluorophenyl)boric acid. B0252, B7660, B0394, and B7901 CAS NUMBER: 10043-35-3 SYNONYMS: boracic acid; orthoboric acid1 Physical Description Molecular formula: H 3BO 3 Molecular weight: 61. Reacts exothermically but slowly with water to form boric acid, a weak acid. Sci. Am. Rev. 55 (Adapted Stein & Brown method) Melting Pt (deg C): 267. Its molar mass is 61. It is soluble in water. The results indicate that a eutectic point occurred in 1:1 ratio, with a melting point of 21 °C. Its boiling point is 300℃. The main industrial application of boric acid lies in the production of monofilament fiberglass. 435 gram per cubic cm. We are a leading supplier to the global Life Science industry with solutions and services for research, biotechnology development and production, and pharmaceutical drug therapy development and production. Conclusion. You can also browse global suppliers,vendor,prices,Price,manufacturers of Boric acid(11113-50-1). Ed. During an attempt to make triacetyl borate, a mixture of boric acid and acetic anhydride exploded when heated to 58-60°C [Chem. Apr 24, 2024 · 1. 1 lists some physical properties for selected carboxylic acids. Each molecule of boric acid has boron-oxygen single bonds. This study presents a detailed characterization and effect of water on low-melting mixtures consisting of choline chloride and boric acid. pH: 5. Above 150 o C, the boric acid loses all its waterman to booxd tranf side (Brons 2 O 3). Properties Of Boric Acid Or Boric Acid Powder (H 3 BO 3) Boric Acid Formula- H 3 BO 3 Boiling Point- 158°C Melting Point- 300°C Molecular Weight or Molar Mass- 61. Packaging. 2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against Identified uses : Laboratory chemicals, Synthesis of substances (4-Methoxyphenyl)boric acid, (p-Methoxyphenyl)boronic acid, 4-Anisylboronic acid, 4-Methoxybenzeneboronic acid, p-Anisylboronic acid, p-Methoxybenzeneboronic acid Linear Formula: CH 3 OC 6 H 4 B(OH) 2 Phenylboronic acid or benzeneboronic acid, abbreviated as PhB(OH) 2 where Ph is the phenyl group C 6 H 5-, is a boronic acid containing a phenyl substituent and two hydroxyl groups attached to boron. Its melting point is 170. Acidity: Boric acid acts as a weak acid in aqueous solutions. Deleted or Replaced CAS Registry Numbers. The density of boric acid is 1. Solubility. 95; CAS No. Benzoic Acid (C 7 H 6 O 2) Organic: 249: Boric Acid (H 3 BO 3) Inorganic: 300: Boron Trifluoride (BF 3) Inorganic-100: Butyric Acid (C 4 H 8 O 2) Organic: 163. Development. Boric Acid (H3BO3) - Boric acid, also called hydrogen borate, boracic acid, and orthoboric acid is a weak, monobasic Lewis acid of boron. 2 °F Boiling Point/Range No information available Flash Point No information available Evaporation Rate Not applicable Spectrum Chemical carries a comprehensive selection of boric acid esters used in many common industrial applications. It is formed when orthoboric acid is heated above its melting point and then cooled rapidly. Reacts violently with the strong reducing agent potassium metal. 8 33 g/l aq. Jan 17, 2024 · Melting Point: 170. Borax. Boric acid is determined by ashing tissues in an alkaline medium at 600 °C, dissolving in hydrochloric acid, centrifuging, mixing part of the supernatant with carminic acid in sulfuric acid and measuring the color at 575 nm after 1 hr. 2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against Identified uses : Laboratory chemicals, Synthesis of substances Click the Symmetry Operations above to view them in 3D . Melting Point (1) 219 °C; Source(s) Boric acid, phenyl-B-Phenylboronic acid; View All. 1 (0. : 005-007-00-2 CAS-No. Specification data is determined by Eti Maden analytical methods . Product name : Boric acid Product Number : B6768 Brand : Sigma Index-No. Research. 84. Notice that the boiling points increase with increasing molar mass, but the melting points show no regular pattern. sol Melting Point/Range 169 °C / 336. Product Name Boric acid Cat No. 67 estimate) = -0. The prevailing crystalline structure of orthoboric acid, which has a melting point of 170. In all mixtures, viscosities showed non-Newtonian behaviour. -Boric oxide itself has no melting point, but a progressive softening and melting range from 300-700C. Oct 29, 2010 · Both WAXD and SAXS results indicate that for the films with boric acid recrystallization and/or rearrangement of exiting crystallites occur below 150 °C in the same way as the PVA film without boric acid. May react with strong reducing agents such as metal hydrides, metal alkyls to generate flammable or explosive gases. The biggest (non-chemical) difference is that the majority of boric acid flux solutions come as a liquid instead of a paste or powder. 36E-017 (Modified Grain method Jan 8, 2018 · Borax: The melting point of borax is 743 °C, and the boiling point is 1,575 °C. This form has a higher melting point (201 °C) and density (2. , 2007: Based on data from 326. It also has a very high melting point (2,973°C). (4-Methoxyphenyl)boric acid, (p-Methoxyphenyl)boronic acid, 4-Anisylboronic acid, 4-Methoxybenzeneboronic acid, p-Anisylboronic acid, p-Methoxybenzeneboronic acid Linear Formula: CH 3 OC 6 H 4 B(OH) 2 Boric acid has the empirical formula BH 3 O 3 and a molecular weight of 61. 8°F), 201°C (393. 3. Chemical Stability Stable under normal storage and handling conditions. When heated to 100°C, the solid loses water and is slowly converted into metaboric acid (HBO 2 Jan 1, 2024 · Chemsrc provides Boric acid(CAS#:11113-50-1) MSDS, density, melting point, boiling point, structure, formula, molecular weight etc. 316 Aldrich-287512; 3-Aminophenylboronic acid monohydrate 0. 61. : AC423480000, AC423480020, AC423485000; CAS-No 10043-35-3 Synonyms Boracic acid; Orthoboric acid. Chemical Structure of Boric Acid. 3), and in the presence of metal oxides, polyborate anions are formed. The esters range from colorless low boiling liquids to solids that possess high melting points. Nov 20, 2023 · Figure 3 shows the DSC melting curves of BPIS film treated with different concentrations of boric acid, and Table 3 shows the melting parameters of BPIS film. The results of kinetic analysis revealed that the dehydration process was a complex one comprising Aug 8, 2023 · Upon heating, it loses water molecules and becomes anhydrous borax, which has a higher melting point at approximately 743°C (1369°F). Learn about the structure of boric acid molecules along with the properties and uses of H3BO3 at BYJU’S. It has been analyzed for the presence of nucleases and proteases. 1 a [20, 21]. 3 kg of boric oxide are the chemical equivalent of 100 kg of boric acid. Assoc. Chemical Properties. *When heated, water is lost forming Metaboric acid (HBO2); on further heating, the material is converted to Boric oxide (B2O3). Boric acid is a white crystalline solid with a density of 1. 82 g/mol Density- 1. Boric acid is typically utilized in industrial processing and manufacturing, but is also used as an additive in pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, lotions, soaps, mouthwash, toothpaste, astringents, and eyewashes 4. 5 days ago · Physical Properties of Boric Acid are as follows. This makes it stable at temperatures that would break down many other compounds. 3%. 1 ± 4. 무색·무취에 진주 광택이 있는 인편상의 결정이다. Melting point: approximately 171 °C1 This product is designated as Molecular Biology grade and is suitable for molecular biology applications. Physical Properties of Boric Acid. 9 °C, and a boiling point of 300 °C. Molecular Formula C 6 H 6 BFO 2; Experimental Melting Point: 262-265 °C (Literature) Indofine [08-301] 260-265 °C Alfa Aesar: At room temperature, Boric acid is a colorless and odorless compound. Melting Point 170,9 °C Boiling Point 300 °C Density Boric acid, phenyl-Boronic acid, B-phe nyl-[ACD/Index Name] Experimental Melting Point: 214-219 °C Alfa Aesar: 214-216 °C Manchester Organics M16828: Anhydrous borax, Borax dehydrated, Disodium salt of boric acid, Disodium tetraborate, Fused borax, Sodium borate (anhydrous), Sodium tetraborate White to gray, odorless powder. Borax and Boric Acid are two boron chemicals that are related. As can be seen from Fig. 46 lbs/ft³. 3; Table 3, with the increase of boric acid concentration, the melting point of PVA film gradually decreased, and the crystallinity decreased slightly. 1 molar). Dec 3, 2015 · Boric acid, also known as hydrogen borate, is a weak monobasic Lewis acid of boron with the chemical formula H3BO3. 6: Chromic Acid (H 2 CrO 4) Inorganic: Decomposes at 250: Citric Acid (C 6 H 8 O 7) Organic BORIC ACID is a very weak acid. Phosphorescence lasting hundreds of microseconds has been correlated to structural changes caused by a rise in temperature, specifically the transition to metaboric acid and boron Melting point: −90 °C (−130 °F; 183 K) Fluoroboric acid or tetrafluoroboric acid are produced by dissolving boric acid in aqueous hydrofluoric acid. Avoid Nov 19, 2021 · In this investigation, a crystalline metaboric acid (HBO2) powder was subjected to a dehydration process to transform it into boron oxide (B2O3) using thermogravimetry (TG) technique in an argon atmosphere under non-isothermal conditions at different heating rates (3, 5, 10, and 15 °C min−1). 4-Methoxyphenylboronic acid | C7H9BO3 | CID 201262 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological It can be formed by the reaction of borax with hydrochloric acid. 9 °C when heated in an enclosed space, is triclinic, characterized by a sheet-like arrangement. Melting point/Melting range: ca185 °C (ca365 °F Boric Acid Documents: Boric Acid (ER), Qualigens Click to view available options Melting Point: 169°C: Packaging: Plastic Bottles: Vapor Pressure: 2. 더운 물에 잘 녹으며, 방부제·소독제로 쓰인다. Boric Acid: The melting point of boric acid is 170. 842°F. Because of the high pKa, regardless of the form of inorganic borate ingested (e. 045 g/cm 3) It is obtained by heating the trimeric form at 130-140 °C in a sealed ampoule (to prevent dehydration), orthorhombic metaboric acid converts to the monoclinic form (II): Conversion of orthorhombic to monoclinic metaboric acid. 8°F), and 236°C 4 days ago · Boric Acid vs. Boiling Point: Borax decahydrate starts to lose water molecules at around 62°C (144°F) and undergoes complete dehydration at higher temperatures. 83 Melting point: ~171°C1 Boric acid volatizes in steam. Borax is sufficiently stable to find use as a primary standard for acid-base titrimetry. Jun 19, 2020 · Table 15. to 363. . Boric Acid: Boric acid is a weak, monobasic Lewis acid. BO. 9 °C, and the boiling point is 300 °C. However, melting and recrystallization with the increase in the crystallite size is inhibited above 150 °C with the cross-linking points Jul 2, 1986 · Potential water in B-OH groups is released due to molecular condensation of boric acid to form polyborates (fig. Incompatible with alkali carbonates and hydroxides. Borax is a natural mineral that can be mined from the ground or collected from evaporating deposits. 5 days ago · Visit ChemicalBook To find more Boric acid(11113-50-1) information like chemical properties,Structure,melting point,boiling point,density,molecular formula,molecular weight, physical properties,toxicity information,customs codes. Apr 12, 2019 · Melting point: 450–510 °C (842–950 °F; 723–783 K) (trigonal) Boric acid can be dehydrated above 300 degrees to form boron trioxide. BORIC ACID, 10043-35-3, Acids-Inorganic, H3BO3 by Loba Chemie, India Melting point/ Freezing point [°C] 160 °C: Boiling point [°C] 300 °C: Vapour pressure [20 Oct 29, 2010 · These indicate that chemical reactions of boric acid to the PVA molecular chains in amorphous regions resulted in cross-linking points take place in boric acid aqueous solutions, inhibiting recrystallization on melting, because the cross-links slow down the PVA molecular motion and must not be included in the crystalline domains. Eng. 2019/00 . 8-4. If heated above 100 °C water is lost and boric acid converts initially to metaboric acid (HBO2) and on further heating forms boric oxide (B2O3). Borax and boric acid are compounds of boron. Chemical Properties of Boric Acid are as follows. Jan 2, 2024 · Chemsrc provides Orthoboric acid(CAS#:10043-35-3) MSDS, density, melting point, boiling point, structure, formula, molecular weight etc. The large decrease in the melting point of the eutectic mixture compared to the melting points of the individual components relates to the charge delocalization Volatile with steam. The boric acid was first made by Wilhelm Homberg from borax compound. Boric acid is a very weak and exclusively monobasic acid that is believed to act, not as a proton donor, but as a Lewis acid, i. Oxalic acid is an organic acid with the systematic name ethanedioic acid and chemical formula HO−C(=O)−C(=O)−OH, also written as (COOH) 2 or (CO 2 H) 2 or H 2 C 2 O 4. Alkyl boric acid esters derived from straight-chain alcohols and aryl boric acid esters are stable to relatively high temperatures. News 51:(34) 1973]. Jun 19, 2021 · Consequently, these metals are usually obtained as by-products in the processing of other metals. Crystalline boron oxide has a melting point of 450 o C, but amor- Sep 21, 2020 · Boronic acids were first synthetized in 1860 by Edward Frankland [] and can be used as building blocks and synthetic intermediates [1,4]. Boron nitride (BN) is produced synthetically by the reaction of boric acid or boron oxide and nitrogen in the air. Pharm. Approximately 56. Physical and chemical properties Physical State Solid Appearance White Odor Odorless Odor Threshold No information available pH 3. 메타붕산·사붕산염, 오붕산염이 잘 알려져 있다. 49, 116 (1960). Boric oxide is used where B . Low water-content B 2 O 3 (necessary for avoiding melt oxidation by water) is prepared by vacuum baking the molten material at 1000 °C. , boric acid, disodium tetraborate decahydrate or boron associated with animal or plant tissues), uptake is Boiling Point. GS: Pankajavalli, Anthonysamy, et al. It dissociates to produce hydrogen ions (H+) and borate ions. 436 g/cm 3 •Boric acid, B(OH) 3,has been used as an alternative to di-carboxylic acids as a means to provide higher dropping point lithium soap-thickened greases •Boric acid itself has been reacted in-situ during the lithium 12-HSt formation reaction •Alternatively, addition of various borated organic compounds have been used id: (HBO acCubc mboric tai e 2 m-I,ltinge point: 236 o C) When the dehydration temperature is below 150 o C, the boric acid is always in the form of metaboric acid (HBO 2). Boron frits also behave in this manner. Properties, SDS, Applications, Price. BORON OXIDE is non-combustible. Boric acid is also used as an insecticide to kill roaches, and as an antiseptic in eyewash solutions. A boronic acid is an organic compound related to boric acid (B Melting point °C Phenylboronic acid: Phenyl: 121. 7: 345. Articles of Boric acid are included as well. Borax: Borax is a naturally occurring mineral. The first six are homologs. Improper Rotations Explained Boric oxide, the pure form of B 2 O 3, is a hard glassy material, granular in texture. Of generally low chemical reactivity. The crystals begin to break down at 300C, and a series of suboxides are produced with partial melting until full fusion is reached at 700C. Boric acid is often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, neutron absorber, or precursor to other chemical compounds. Uses advised against Food, drug, pesticide or biocidal product use. These esters range from colorless low boiling liquids to solids that possess high melting points. It is the simplest dicarboxylic acid . 4. This method equally has same defective with CN 1315494A, and used boric Boric Acid. 9 °C: Boiling Point: 300 °C: Odor: Odorless: Solubility: Soluble in water: pH Value: Can boric acid be used as a treatment for vaginal Borax is also easily converted to boric acid and other borates, which have many applications. Conditions to Avoid Avoid dust formation. Chinese patent CN 1355279A in 2002 is that boric anhydride, many ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, glycol ether, various additive were once dropped in the reactor under 120-130 ℃, a 2-3 normal atmosphere reaction 3-4 hour, and cold filtration promptly gets product. Boric acid crystals form as odorless, white platelets from an aqueous solution. 7mbar Apr 15, 2019 · The melting point of reline occurs at 12 °C, which is significantly lower than either of the starting components (the melting points of urea is 133 °C, and of ChCl is 302 °C) [10]. : p. Nos. Log Octanol-Water Partition Coef (SRC): Log Kow (KOWWIN v1. Jan 7, 2024 · Chemsrc provides Boric acid-(10-B)(CAS#:13813-79-1) MSDS, density, melting point, boiling point, structure, formula, molecular weight etc. Phenylboronic acid is a white powder and is commonly used in organic synthesis . We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Boric Acid Powder Boric Acid Documents: Boric Acid, Powder (SQ), Qualigens Click to view available options Melting Point: 169°C: Packaging: Plastic Drum: Vapor Pressure: 2. Custom packaging is available. Boric acid forms complex equilibria in solution, with the tetraborate Boric Acid B(OH)3 bulk & research qty manufacturer. Nov 1, 2016 · The formation of aluminum borates (Al18B4O33 and Al4B2O9) from alumina and boron oxide occurs between 600 and 800°C. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet The melting point of B 2 O 3 is 450–465 °C and vapor pressure 0. Boron trioxide Jun 22, 2023 · Melting and Boiling Points: Boric acid has a relatively high melting point of approximately 170. 22 Boiling Pt, Melting Pt, Vapor Pressure Estimations (MPBPWIN v1. The extremely low melting point of gallium (29. Put simply: borax is the sodium salt of boric acid. Many people prefer boric acid over borax for melts. Borax is a boric acid salt. ; Hydrogen borate Recommended Use Laboratory chemicals. 5: Caproic Acid (C 6 H 12 O 2) Organic: 205: Carbonic Acid (H 2 CO 3) Inorganic: 333. Boric acid crystals were made for the first time by Wilhelm Aug 14, 2020 · Consequently, these metals are usually obtained as by-products in the processing of other metals. ln hk ka jb ep rs ky zu ww jx